Enslavement Disrupted the African’s Authentic Culture Essay

There was a misconception that African people did not have any culture and they were not civilized. But they had a culture that was similar to that of the Europeans and other races. However it was interrupted when the Europeans decided to take them from Africa and transplant them in America as slaves. As a result, their authentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native Africa to life in the plantation society of the Americas. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the conditions of enslavement disrupted all dimensions of the African’s authentic culture. To aid in my analysis, I will be using the â€Å"Reid Culture Conflict Model† as a guide and also drawing upon the works of Olaudah Equiano, Venture Smith,†¦show more content†¦According to him, â€Å"for every transaction of the government, as far as my slender observation extended was conducted by the chief or elders of the place† (191). The political system also con sisted of judges and senators in addition to the chiefs and elders. Surprisingly there were no jails and the punishment depended on the crime committed. For example, according to Equaino, â€Å"Adultery was sometimes punished with slavery or death †¦.† (191). Africans did not have a high tolerance for cheaters as they were penalized severely. The economic system of rural Africa was based mainly on agriculture. Equiano indicates that â€Å"Agriculture is our chief employment; and everyone, even the children and women are engaged in it† (194). The people planted and harvested their fruits and vegetables and hunted for their meat. In addition to farming, the women had additional roles. Equiano says â€Å"When our woman are not employed with the men in tillage, their usually occupation is spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye and make it into garments† (192). Africans also manufactured items. According to Equino, â€Å"of course we have few manufactures. They consist for the most part of calicos, earthen ware, ornaments and instruments of war and husbandry. But these make no part of our commerce, the principle articles of which, as I have observed, are provisions†

Effective and Ineffective Communication Free Essays

Effective and Ineffective Communication Lisa Brady Loyola University Effective and Ineffective Communication Where we come from, what we’ve experienced, our culture, our norms, our circle of friends, and our history all affect the ways in which we communicate with each other. What constitutes effective and ineffective communication? How do we assess what works as opposed to what doesn’t? Communication is vital not only to patient care but in collaborating as a team to ensure goals are achieved. In Contemporary Nursing, Cherry states that â€Å"effective communication is a foundational component of professional nursing practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective and Ineffective Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011, p. 381) When I think of communication in the clinical setting, two examples are always in my fore mind both of which happened in nursing school. I keep these experiences in mind because they have had a profound effect on the ways in which I communicate with my patients daily. My example of ineffective communication stems from a rotation I did in the ICU. I was apprehensive about going to the ICU. Was I ready? The patients were so acute and I was so inexperienced. I was filled with doubts and insecurity. The short version of this story entails an ICU nurse who was not aware she was getting a student and a shortage of computer tablets, so medications were pulled via a written paper brought to the pyxis. A patient was upset with medications he didn’t understand and the doctor had to be contacted. The doctor yelled at the nurse, the nurse ran from the unit crying and when she returned the scene was set for a near fatal accident. The nurse took me and her piece of paper to the pyxis and began to pull her medications. Again for time and space, the shortened version explains that the nurse mistakenly pulled a night medication due at hour of sleep instead of the day medication. The nurse then instructed the nursing student to pass these medications. By the time the nurse realized she had pulled the wrong dosage and the nursing student had given them, the patient had to be intubated; stomach pumped and could easily have died. During this emergency treatment the nurse yelled at the nursing student, â€Å"and this is why you always check the computer prior to giving medication. I cannot express to you the fear, anger and confusion I had over what had transpired. I felt â€Å"thrown under the bus†. What had just happened? What happened was a serious disconnect in communication and a hard lesson in patient safety. The patient lived and recovered. I learned to never completely give up my power and to trust my instinct. I have never since and never will give a medication unless I have pulled it and have all the resources in front of me to verify the information. The nurse later wrote on my evaluation that we both needed to learn our five rights. I was angry but in retrospect she was right. I may not have pulled those medications but she told me to give them and I obeyed. I was utilizing non-assertive communication. I have always thought communication was my strong suit. I strive to use the â€Å"I† statements that Cherry suggests. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011) I believe strongly in Jan Hargrave’s concept that â€Å"55% of what we say is non-verbal,†¦38% is in voice reflection and only 7% is in the actual words we say. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011, p. 385) The difficulties that arise in communication; it is dependent on a host of factors, including non-verbal communication and interpretation of the information. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011) I have since learned assertive communication techniques and am currently working on responding instead of reacting. It is a lifelong process. My second example is one of effective communication. A young mom with two babies arrived to the ER. She had no insurance, and her baby presented with fever and signs of pneumonia. The ER doctor and the nurses expressed she was from the city hours away and was most likely attempting to obtain free care. The doctor discharged the patient and the nurses discussed amongst themselves the patient and the problems with patients abusing the system. Once again my gut instinct told me there was more to this patient and her story. I went to the patient to express concern and to listen and discovered that the patient was not at this particular hospital to avoid payment. She was in a domestic violence shelter with her two young babies and was attempting to change her life. It upset me that she was pre-judged like this, when all it would have taken was a few minutes of building a rapport and trust to get to the truth of the matter. It has truly made a difference in how I work with my patients. I try to truly listen to what they are â€Å"not† saying. To work with our patients on a holistic level we must actively listen, validate their concerns and their feelings and earn their trust. In conclusion there is so much to take into consideration regarding how we express ourselves and interact with each other as professionals and with our patients. We must always consider cultural differences and be keenly aware of body language. How we communicate with individuals varies greatly and is dependent upon where that person is in their life and at that moment. Physical touch is another form of communication and again must be assessed dependent on the person. Some patients don’t mind if we touch their hand or shoulder reassuringly, others are bothered by this. I always make an attempt to ask a patient for example if they are crying; can I give you hug? It is so important to maintain open communication but at the same time keep boundaries. It is a gift to be able to care for our patients but it can be difficult to find the right path of communication for each person. In the end we do the best we can, utilizing the tools we’ve been given and making every effort to be authentic, genuine and in the moment. References Cherry, B. , amp; Jacob, S. R. (2011). Contemporary nursing issues trends and management (5th ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. How to cite Effective and Ineffective Communication, Papers

Conflict Map and Analysis

Question: Discuss about theConflict Map and Analysis. Answer: Introduction Conflict resolution is the process of finding an amicable solution to a conflict between two rival groups that are involved in dispute. Rivaling groups try to resolve their conflict by actively communicating or bringing forward their concerns and negotiating on the best way to end the debate. Conflict resolution is a delicate process that is sensitive to environmental factors and cultural practices. Finding a solution to a conflict is a process that requires a clear understanding of the primary issue and laying down the possible consequences for taking an individual course of action. Some approaches can are applicable in conflict resolution. These include mediation, litigation, and arbitration. Mediation and arbitration involve revolving solving a conflict through a third party who does not participate in the battle. Litigation, on the other hand, involves conflict resolution through a court action. The purpose of this essay is to draw an analysis of a conflict case study by analyzin g the underlying facts and stating what ought to be done to de-escalate the crisis. Case Study In the case study above, there is a conflict involving George Pell, Australian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and David Ridsdale, a high-ranking government official. David accused George of offering a bribe to him to withhold a testimony involving a child abuse case. The conflict arises because George Pell refused to appear before the Royal Commission in person to present his evidence and instead opting to do it over the video from Vatican (Halter, 2013, pp.261). The conflict resolution method involved in this case is litigation. Litigation is used to coerce disputing parties to participate in the conflict resolution process. The two sides involved have to present their testimonies to the royal commission to end the controversies (Marr, 2013). A royal commission is an organization that is mandated to make public inquiries into a contentious national issue. The royal commission has the power to sermon all the parties involved in the controversy. It has an obligation to listen and analyze all the testimonies and facts regarding a matter before making a ruling. Stakeholders, on the other hand, have a right to a fair hearing and an obligation to present any evidence that might help them resolve the case. The parties involved are required to sign an agreement affirming that they will abide by the decision of the royal commission. Even though the royal commission judges get an endorsement from the government of the day, their rulings are free of political interference. Royal commissions highly regard transparency and integrity. Causes of the Conflict (Guerzoni and Graham, 2015, pp.58): Political factors the two primary parties involved in this case are the government and the Catholic Church. The government participates in the fact that it appoints the royal commission judge bench even though the commission has its independent powers. The current justices of the royal commission received an endorsement from the previous government which later formed the opposition after losing the last general elections. The Catholic Church has good relations and influence with the current administration. This factor offers a perfect platform for the government and opposition to flex their ideological muscles thereby escalating the crises further (Budiselik 2014, pp.565). The media the publicity given to this case by the media houses has exceeded what is necessary for the resolution process. The case has made headlines for some days thereby creating more tension in the society. The media attention has also changed the way the society views handles conflict due to the varying opinions that are offered by the stakeholders. Financial factors the Australian government has not provided any extra financial support to the direct stakeholders so as to enable them to give their testimonies before the commission in person. The lack of funding has reduced the chances of fair representation of the defendant (Middleton et al. 2014, pp.20). Social-cultural factors there has been a significant change in the way that people handle disputes over the last three decades. Victims of sexual abuse, for instance, were earlier viewed as outcasts and often encountered discrimination from the members of the society. On the other hand, the perpetrators of such crimes were left to walk free without facing any consequences for these offenses. The situation has however changed. The society profoundly disregards authors of social evils. Nevertheless, the society has become more concerned with the victim of such an offense and will fight for the victims justice through legal actions. Legal factors tension further escalates because the previous administration appointed the judging bench of the royal commission. It is not clear whether the current government, which is a stakeholder in the crises, may decide to make changes to the royal commission before the commencement of the proceedings (Waddell and Jones, 2016). Advantages of Litigation in the Case Study Cost effective traveling from Vatican to Australia is a long distance that would require a substantial investment. In addition to the above factor, George Pell is ailing and would need medical support to accompany him. The additional individuals would mean that the transport cost would further increase. Time saving delivering testimony via video will take lesser time than traveling from Europe to Australia. A video communication is thus as effective as giving the evidence in person while since it saves time. More efficient than other conflict resolution methods litigation process assures all the parties involved in getting a fair hearing. The parties are also assured of justice unlike in other conflict resolution processes like arbitration where the arbitrator is prone to manipulation. Disadvantages ofLitigation in the Case Study Escalation of the crises due to publicity in the above case, a Catholic priest, and a high-ranking government official are involved which therefore attracts public attention. All the parties involved such as the legislators, the media, and the public has their motives which further magnifies the impact of the case on the society. The media, for instance, is excited since they will attract more public attention with the story. This awareness will, in turn, increase their sales. The process may be time-consuming in some instances. The delay happens the details involved in the case are many and complex prompting the royal commission to spend more time analyzing the situation. Furthermore, there are legal procedures that must be followed regarding the presentation of evidence and making a ruling. The legal proceedings consist of a given timeframe which the judges must wait before making a decision. Litigation might be costly in some instances. The high cost is due to the bills that every citizen is required to pay when registering a case. In addition to these expenses, a favorable case such as the one above may prompt lawyers to ask for high legal fees which the parties involved are required to finance. The case above may not be fair due to the likeliness of government interference. The defendant, in this instance, is a government official. It means that the legislators are keen to defend the state and may thus interfere with the proceedings of the royal commission. De-escalating the Crisis The case study presented here has escalated to the national level due to the high profile of the individuals involved. The primary driving force behind this escalation is not the weight of the dispute involved but the media attention that it has involved. What is clear is that the motive of the media houses is to promote their businesses and not to advocate for justice and fairness. Litigation is an excellent method of conflict resolution in this case as a way of providing transparency and impartiality to both parties. However, there is a much broader scope that involves this case. Litigation has provided an avenue to publicity of the issue which is inappropriate considering that the primary victim is a sexual abuse child. Continuous broadcasting is likely to negatively affect the childs life and instill fear in them. That is why it would have been more appropriate to consider another conflict resolution method (Barsky, 2014). One of the best-known methods of resolving disputes in such a case is arbitration. Arbitration is a process of resolving conflicts whereby a third party reviews the facts involved in making a ruling that is legally binding to both sides. The third party is known as an arbitrator. Arbitration gives the parties involved a chance to agree on the arbitrator thereby reducing a chance of interference from external parties (Kohn and Rosenberg, 2014, pp.1151) Advantages of Arbitration Unlike in litigation where a person is not allowed to choose the jury, arbitration gives the opposing parties a chance to state whether they are comfortable with the third party who is helping resolve the conflict. Disputing parties in arbitration get an opportunity to present their suggestions to the appropriate the appropriate arbitrator before commencing the proceedings. In this case, they can choose a highly qualified legal professional to offer them a solution. Arbitration saves the time involved in conflict resolution process. No given period has been stipulated by the law within which the process should take place. The parties involved are the ones that agree on how soon they would want to end the conflict. The process is less costly in comparison with other conflict resolution techniques such as litigation. In litigation, disputing parties are required to pay court fees and hire attorneys to represent them. It is not the case in arbitration. Hiring legal professionals, in this instance, is a personal decision. This fact makes the process cost efficient. Arbitration is a nonpublic process. Rival parties can solve their dispute at discretion. This fact is what makes it the most preferred conflict resolution method. In the preliminary case study, all the factors of litigation involved such as the jury can fit into arbitration. What makes the later more efficient is that it offers the parties more privacy thereby reducing the adverse effects of publicity. The parties are at liberty to seek further legal advice in an instance where they fail to agree on the way forward. They also have the freedom of adopting other conflict resolution methods such as litigation. The reverse is not true for litigation. Parties solving a dispute through litigation is not at liberty to turn into other methods because the ruling made in this case is final. In case one of the parties feels uncomfortable with the decision, they may extend hostilities to the other parties indirectly. This hostility may further complicate the dispute. Disadvantages of Arbitration There is a limitation to appeal. There is no set guidelines as to how the arbitration process should be carried out. Lack of a predetermined set of conditions to guide this process makes it vulnerable to erroneous judgments that may be unfair to one of the parties. Such a decision may be difficult to overturn where the parties had committed themselves to a permanent final solution from the arbitrator. An arbitrator has no power to enforce the rulings that they make. The lack of an executive authority leaves one of the parties exposed to injustice after the final decision. Further Analysis The royal commission has the power to lecture all the groups involved in the crises. It has the duty to evaluate and analyze all the evidence and material facts regarding an issue before offering an opinion. There is a wider range that involves this incident. Legal action has provided an avenue to publicize of the subject which is unfortunate considering that the ultimate casualty is a sexual offense youngster. Unceasing propagation is likely to adversely affect the childs life and possibly drill fear in them. It is the reason as to why it would be more suitable to put into consideration other conflict resolution approaches. Conflict resolution through legal action is a complex process and is prone to environmental influences and cultural orientation (Foley, 2015, pp.164). Coming up with a solution to the problem is a route that entails a clear understanding of the principal facts and establishing the likely consequences for carrying out a given activity. There exist various tactics that are applicable in conflict elimination. These include arbitration mediation and litigation. Mediation and adjudication comprise of deescalating crises through other parties that are not involved in the skirmish (Moore, 2014). Court process, on the other hand, comprises of a conflict resolution through a legal approach. The people have a right to a fair representation and a duty to bring forward any information that can assist them to win the case. Conflicting individuals might be obligated to affirm their commitment that they will adhere to the requirements of a tribunal or decision of the royal commission (Mullis and Scott, 2012, pp.5). The current government instills the royal commission judges; their verdicts are free of civil intrusion. Royal commissions strictly observe transparency and honesty. The participating individuals have the right to seek further resolution alternatives in a case where they fail to get an amicable solution. They are also at liberty to adopt other conflict resolution techniques such as mediation. It is, however, not likely in the case of litigation. People finding a solution to a crisis through court action do not have the right to turn to other techniques since the decision made by this channel is abiding by both parties. In the case where one of the parties unsatisfied with the decision, they are likely to become more hostile to their rivals even after the ruling. This aggression may further escalate the crisis. It is vital to the point that different conflict resolution methods have their unique characteristics that make them suitable for different occasions. Although some approaches are appropriate for reducing a crisis, they are likely to bring about further problems in the following years (Ralph, 2013, pp.19). Conclusion Conflict resolution is a process that requires keen attention to details. It is important to note that not all peace finding methods are appropriate wherever there is a crisis. Even though some techniques may appear necessary do deescalating a crisis, they may have an adverse outcome in the long-term. In the case study above, a very crucial step of finding the best conflict resolution approach did not get consideration. Adoption of litigation without making further inquiries on the long term effects helped escalate the crises instead of offering a solution. It would have been more appropriate to consider the broader effects of every approach before coming up with the one to adopted. In addition to the above considerations, there is a need of bringing together all the stakeholders of a conflict together before commencing the resolution process. This gathering would offer a platform for sensitizing them on the part they have to play in de-escalating the crisis. References Barsky, A., 2014.Conflict resolution for the helping professions. Oxford University Press. Budiselik, W., Crawford, F. and Chung, D., 2014. The Australian Royal Commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse: dreaming of child safe organisations?. Social Sciences, 3(3), pp.565-583. Foley, T., 2015. Institutional responses to child sexual abuse: how a moral conversation with its lawyers might contribute to cultural change in a faith-based institution. Legal Ethics, 18(2), pp.164-181. Gounaris, S., Chatzipanagiotou, K., Boukis, A. and Perks, H., 2016. Unfolding the recipes for conflict resolution during the new service development effort.Journal of Business Research. Guerzoni, M. and Graham, H., 2015. Catholic Church Responses to Clergy-Child Sexual Abuse and Mandatory Reporting Exemptions in Victoria, Australia: A Discursive Critique. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4(4), pp.58-75. Halter, N., 2013. The Australian Catholic Church and the Public Sphere: World Youth Day 2008. Journal of Religious History, 37(2), pp.261-282. Healy, K., 2015. Becoming a trustworthy profession: Doing better than doing good. Australian Social Work, pp.1-10. Korn, D. and Rosenberg, D., 2012. Concepcion's Pro-Defendant Biasing of the Arbitration Process: The Class Counsel Solution.U. Mich. JL Reform,46, p.1151. Marr, D., 2013. The prince: Faith, abuse and George Pell. Quarterly Essay, (51), p.1. Middleton, W., Stavropoulos, P., Dorahy, M.J., Krger, C., Lewis-Fernndez, R., Martnez-Taboas, A., Sar, V. and Brand, B., 2014. The Australian Royal Commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse.Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry,48(1), pp.17-21. Moore, C.W., 2014.The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Mullis, A. and Scott, A., 2012. Reframing libel: taking (all) rights seriously and where it leads. N. Ir. Legal Q., 63, p.5. Ralph, N., Welch, A.J., Norris, P. and Irwin, R., 2013. Reflections on power, conflict and resolution for the perioperative environment.ACORN: the journal of perioperative nursing in Australia,26(1), p.19. Waddell, T. and Jones, T.W., 2016. The spoken and unspoken nature of child abuse in the miniseries Devils Playground: The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, the Catholic Church and television drama in Australia. Media International Australia, p.1329878X16631840. Wallensteen, P., 2015.Understanding conflict resolution. Sage.